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- ¿k# BUSINESS, Page 72Just Squeaking Along
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- Computer companies are launching more products than ever, but
- are they really new?
-
- By Thomas McCarroll
-
-
- The twin fetes had all the glitz and hoopla of a Hollywood
- premiere. Champagne flowed freely, and soft jazz whispered in
- the background. Guests nibbled on caviar and smoked-salmon
- quiche. The big bashes, which took place on the same day this
- month in New York City and Los Angeles, were staged by Commodore
- Business Machines to kick off a $15 million advertising
- campaign, starring celebrities ranging from the Pointer Sisters
- to Tommy Lasorda, manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers. But
- instead of coming off as a preview, the event seemed more like
- a benefit for an aging star.
-
- In this case the focus of attention was the Amiga, a
- personal computer introduced by Commodore four years ago, whose
- sagging sales and fading image the company is trying to repair.
- Said Commodore president Harold Copperman: "This is not a
- celebration of new technology. This is a strategic repositioning
- and repackaging."
-
- The Commodore show was symptomatic of what is taking place
- at many companies in the computer industry. After a decade of
- rapid expansion and explosive product innovation, the business
- has lost some of its pizazz. Many established companies are
- repackaging old technology rather than developing daring new
- products. Manufacturers of such big machines as mainframes and
- minicomputers are suffering from stagnant sales as customers
- turn to powerful but less expensive workstations and personal
- computers. At the same time, many customers are reluctant to buy
- new hardware because of a shortage of innovative software to
- provide fresh applications for the machines.
-
- All told, the computer industry is entering a shake-out
- phase, in which slowing growth will force some companies to
- restructure or combine with healthier partners. Instead of the
- robust annual sales growth of 15% to 20% that the industry
- enjoyed in the early 1980s, computer revenues will expand an
- estimated 6% to 8% during the next few years. That pace would
- delight most industrialists, but among computer makers it
- represents an abrupt comedown. Profits are being squeezed even
- more. Last week the world's No. 1 and No. 2 computer makers
- announced sharply lower earnings during the most recent quarter.
- IBM said its profits declined nearly 30%, to $877 million, and
- Digital Equipment's earnings were off more than 32%, to $150.8
- million.
-
- While the industry has a few sizzling products like laptop
- computers, the overall sluggishness is hurting many businesses,
- ranging from supercomputers to software. Cray Research, the
- largest supercomputer maker, said early this month it will cut
- its work force about 7% because of slack demand. Mainframe
- manufacturer Unisys, which has reported operating losses of $79
- million so far this year, plans to slash its payroll by 8,000
- workers, or 9%. Wang, which lost $424 million during the past
- fiscal year, may be pushed into a merger. Former rising stars
- in personal computers, notably Commodore and Wyse Technology,
- are losing money. So are major software developers, including
- Ashton-Tate and WordStar International.
-
- A prime reason for the slump is that corporate customers
- are cutting back on spending as they go through buyouts, mergers
- and restructurings. "Big customers are hanging back because they
- don't have any money," says Robert Noyce, chief executive of
- Sematech, a consortium of computer-chip makers. At the same
- time, the industry has graduated from an "original placement"
- business, in which many companies rushed to automate for the
- first time, to a "replacement" business, in which corporations
- buy computers only when they need new models.
-
- Many companies are still trying to figure out how to use
- effectively the computers they bought during the go-go era of
- a few years ago. The head of Eastman Kodak's computer
- operations, Katherine Hudson, says her computer budget barely
- grew at all this year, in contrast to an increase of more than
- 15% last year. Rather than buy new hardware, she is "looking for
- ways to make past investments pay off first."
-
- When companies do buy new gear, they are rapidly
- downsizing, junking their mainframes in favor of smaller, more
- flexible workstations, made by companies like Sun Microsystems.
- Because of this shift, mainframe sales are expanding only about
- 5% annually, less than half the rate of a few years ago. Says
- Rod Canion, president of Houston-based Compaq: "The rules are
- changing, and it's very difficult for the big-computer makers
- to accept." At the other end of the spectrum, some PC makers are
- getting hit with a different problem: a glut of machines. Says
- Michael Dell, who heads an Austin-based PC maker that bears his
- name: "There are no more places on the shelf for another
- computer. There are more than you'd ever want to name."
-
- To some extent, the industry has made customers leery by
- engaging in esoteric debates over formats and components. Case
- in point: the controversy over an industry-wide computer
- "operating system." While the selection of this format is
- critically important to computer companies, customers tend to
- be confused by the endless discussions over the relative merits
- of such systems as OS/2 and UNIX. The same goes for the rivalry
- between the two fastest chips, the Intel 80486 and the Motorola
- 68040. "The industry is so busy talking inside baseball that it
- has forgotten the customers. They're thoroughly confused by all
- this alphabet soup," says James Morris, a computer-science
- professor at Carnegie Mellon University. In many cases, he says,
- customers are postponing purchases until one format emerges
- dominant, the way VHS surpassed Beta as a videocassette
- standard.
-
- In the same vein, many computer customers believe the
- industry's innovative efforts at the moment are failing to fill
- users' needs. They believe the expansion during the early and
- mid-1980s was based largely on the proliferation of such
- breakthrough products as the Apple II personal computer (1977);
- WordStar, the wordprocessing program (1979); VisiCalc, an
- electronic accounting ledger or spreadsheet (1979); the IBM PC
- (1981); Apple's Macintosh, with its advanced graphics
- capability (1984); and desktop-publishing gear like Aldus
- PageMaker (1985).
-
- That pace of innovation does not exist today, many experts
- contend, in part because of the industry's maturity. Since most
- of the easy problems have been solved, the next major advances
- will come harder and slower. Rick Martin, who follows the
- industry for Prudential-Bache Securities, points out that
- software is still produced in the same four categories as it was
- nearly a decade ago: spreadsheets, data base, communications,
- and text or graphics processing. "There's no knock-'em-dead
- technology out there," he says. "There's nothing out there that
- makes you feel like you're missing something if you don't have
- it."
-
- While the computer industry offers more products than ever
- before, the vast majority represent incremental improvements or
- product refinements, "not leaps and bounds," contends Mitchell
- Kapor, the creator of the top-selling Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet.
- Kapor believes the industry has failed to develop products that
- would make technology easier to use. Says he: "The industry is
- shooting at the wrong target. It continues to emphasize power
- at the expense of usability. It's paying too much attention to
- the engine and not enough to the dashboard."
-
- As the industry cools off, entrepreneurs are no longer so
- eager to enter the business and can no longer so readily get
- financing. Many venture capitalists are shunning computer
- companies, largely because of mounting losses on recent
- start-ups. Says Houston venture capitalist Edward Williams:
- "Compaq and Apple -- those opportunities in hardware have come
- and gone. It's too risky at the moment. It's an industry that's
- maturing." Adds Sematech's Noyce: "Nobody's going to be very
- interested when the last people in it got stung." According to
- Venture Economics, a market-research firm, the number of
- computer-hardware makers receiving venture financing fell from
- 397 in 1984 to 215 last year, and software start-ups getting
- such funding dropped from 258 to 215.
-
- Some executives contend that innovation is alive and well,
- citing such advances as notebook-size computers and high-speed
- RISC microprocessors. Says T.J. Rodgers, chief executive of
- Cypress Semiconductor: "What the bean counters who make
- projections forget is that in the next two to three years, we
- will have the next set of innovations, which will make them
- abandon their projections. It has happened before, and it will
- happen again." Don Valentine, a partner in Sequoia Capital, a
- venture-capital firm, contends that creative stagnation is
- confined mostly to the big corporations, including IBM, Wang and
- Unisys. Says he: "There is no innovation at the dinosaur
- companies that are run by Neanderthals. Perhaps they have
- outlived their function."
-
- Many experts see great potential for innovation in
- relatively unglamorous, peripheral parts of the computer
- business. Among them: more lightweight batteries to power
- portable machines, crisper viewing screens and new graphics
- capabilities. The biggest field for breakthroughs will be
- software, which is immensely time consuming to produce but
- crucial for making today's powerful machines reach their full
- potential. Says Kevin Campbell, president of American Business
- Technologies, a Texas computer-service firm: "The hardware that
- we've had since 1985 is really all the horsepower that we've
- needed. The growth isn't in new boxes but in making them more
- productive." Since customers seem nearly unanimous in their
- demand for easier-to-use programs, smart innovators should
- realize that a new frontier is ripe for exploration.
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